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Moreover, it also creates severe medical problems for those who have high blood pressure. If it exceeds a threshold value (i.e., 200 mg/l), then it may change the taste of water. The human body needs sodium to maintain the blood pressure and to control fluid levels. Sodium is a mineral which is always present in drinking water through natural occurrences.
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RGP-210.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through Research Group no. Received: AugAccepted: AugPublished: September 28, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Zahid et al. Institute for Health & the Environment, UNITED STATES (2016) Spatial Prediction and Optimized Sampling Design for Sodium Concentration in Groundwater. It is also observed that the universal kriging predictor provides minimum mean universal kriging variance for both adding and deleting locations during sampling design.Ĭitation: Zahid E, Hussain I, Spöck G, Faisal M, Shabbir J, M. It is concluded that Bayesian universal kriging fits better than universal kriging. Different estimation methods (i.e., maximum likelihood, restricted maximum likelihood, ordinary least squares, and weighted least squares) are used to estimate the parameters of the variogram model (i.e, exponential, Gaussian, spherical and cubic). Spatial simulated annealing is used to generate optimized sampling designs. Universal kriging and Bayesian universal kriging are used to predict the sodium concentrations. In the present paper, spatial distribution of sodium concentration in drinking water is modeled and optimized sampling designs for selecting sampling locations is calculated for three divisions in Punjab, Pakistan.
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Sodium is an integral part of water, and its excessive amount in drinking water causes high blood pressure and hypertension.
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